Praising the newly elected emperor, Charles V, as a divine sign for “a time of grace,” Luther began by calling for the demolition of three walls behind which the papacy had established its authority: the notion that there is a divinely instituted difference between clergy and laity; the claim that only the pope can interpret Scripture; and the assertion that only the pope can summon an ecumenical council and approve its actions. He then listed a great variety of ecclesiastical abuses that had contributed
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